Defined as the loss of a clinically recognized pregnancy before the 20th week of gestation. A spontaneous abortion (or miscarriage) is the natural loss of the embryo due to internal or external factors beyond the mother's control. Most miscarriages are unavoidable, as approximately 50% result from chromosomal abnormalities. Preconception counseling and medical supervision during pregnancy are the primary tools for preventing spontaneous abortion in women without a history of previous miscarriages. However, no medication (such as estrogen, vitamins, or aspirin) has been found effective in preventing miscarriages.
A cap-like structure located at the front of the sperm cell (spermatozoon). The acrosome contains a package of enzymes that allow the sperm to break through and penetrate the outer shell of the egg (oocyte). This process, called the acrosome reaction, helps the sperm pass through the protective layer of the egg and achieve fertilization.
A uterine disorder characterized by an enlarged uterus and painful, heavy menstrual cycles. Adenomyosis occurs when endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterine cavity, infiltrates the muscular wall of the uterus. Despite its abnormal location, this tissue continues to function normally during each menstrual cycle—thickening, breaking down, and bleeding, which can cause local inflammation, severe pain, and excessive bleeding. The condition tends to resolve after menopause. Women suffering from severe adenomyosis pain may benefit from hormonal treatments to alleviate symptoms. The only definitive cure is hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus).
A term describing the clumping or adhesion of particles or substances. In male fertility, the term refers to sperm cells sticking together after ejaculation, which can impair their motility and reduce fertilization potential. Additionally, agglutination can occur as an immune response when antibodies recognize a foreign substance (such as bacteria or foreign blood cells) and cause their clumping, a process that helps the immune system neutralize threats.
The absence of menstrual periods. There are two main types: Primary amenorrhea – A condition in which a girl has not experienced menstruation by age 16. This may result from genetic disorders, hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities of the uterus or ovaries, or chromosomal diseases such as Turner syndrome. Secondary amenorrhea – A condition in which a woman who previously had regular menstrual cycles stops menstruating for three months or more. Possible causes include pregnancy, extreme stress, eating disorders (such as anorexia), intense physical activity, hormonal imbalances (such as polycystic ovary syndrome – PCOS), or chronic illnesses. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause and may include hormonal therapy, lifestyle changes, or medical treatment.
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